In Chapter 5 of The Morality of War, Brian Orend discusses...

In Chapter 5 of The Morality of War, Brian Orend discusses the particular case of supreme emergencies, hereby defined as a state of war during which an aggressor state comes dangerously close to overpowering the victim state militarly, probably followed by extreme brutalization of the victim states population and various violations of human rights, such as rape, slavery, mass murder and so on. The concept of supreme emergency has caused controversy in the discourse about the morality of war, regarding both what constitutes a supreme emergency and how supreme emergencies are to be addressed within the context of just war theory. In this essay, I will review Orends exposition on the matter and follow with an introduction of elements that†¦show more content†¦The third view is that even during supreme emergencies strict jus in bello laws must be observed; if we allow for exceptions the integrity of the rules themselves comes into question. The fourth view, proposed by Walzer, i s to acknowledge a multidimensionality of morality and thereby invoke a paradox: the means by which we must necessarily respond in supreme emergencies are both immoral but morally necessary; they are both morally right and morally wrong, and we must learn to live with that contradiction. Orend himself, who proposes the fifth view, argues that Walzer cannot have his cake and eat it, too. He suggests instead that, while supreme emergency measures are sometimes necessary to secure victory, they are undoubtedly immoral. They are wrong, and while they are also necessary, we cannot pretend that they are moral because they are necessary. But Orend does agree that sometimes during war such measures are necessary to secure victory of victim over aggressor, and therefore a larger justice. The issue that emerges here is, admittedly, one of prudence versus morality. In order to refine our existence, we must first secure it, the argument goes. In the case of a supreme emergency, arguably the onl y options that remain for a victim state are either annihilation or the destruction of an innocent other. Given this premise, the arguments made thus far contend that it is only natural, and

Prostitution Taking Back Control - 1475 Words

Legalized Prostitution: Taking back Control â€Å"I originally intended to write in defense of legalizing prostitution, but hindsight has made me realize that I cannot defend a profession that dehumanizes its workers.† Tlatenchi, Fredy. Prostitution Should Not Be Legalized. The Sundial. N.p., 27 Nov. 2012. Web. 07 Sept. 2015. The statement above would lead the author’s readers to believe that prostitution if legal would be no different than it is now, shameful, dangerous, disease ridden and exploitation filled. Prostitution has been around for some time, given it is referred to as the world’s oldest profession. Why is it then, if still illegal, do so many continue their sex work? Desperation? Empowerment? Force? Lack of a moral†¦show more content†¦Rhode Island says otherwise. Aside from the clear positive outcomes from Rhode Island, legalizing prostitution has the potential to further eliminate rape and STD transmission further by opening up communication. Rhode Island decreased roughly 2000 cases of gonorrhea during its decriminalization, read about in Hong, Sharon. Decriminalizing Prostitution Linked to Fewer STDs and Rapes. UCLA Newsroom. N.p., 1 Aug. 2014. Web. 08 Sept. 2015. If sex workers fear persecution they won’t report a rape, robbery or attack. These people need to be gotten off the streets. If they fear judgment they won’t seek medical attention in case of unprotected sex and the possibility of a sexually transmitted disease. With legalization we open our ears and close our prejudice. If we begin to focus our time and money on the real criminals, not the consenting adults who chose to trade a service for money like any other business we waste far less. Legalization would help focus our persecutions on the ones who force other human beings into a life they do not want to be in. This refocuses on protecting those who deserve a choice over their own body, what to not, or to do with it. Prostitution could also potentially bring in thousands of extra dollars of taxable revenue per worker for the economy. Money is better spent pursuing the real criminals. Would you rather your tax dollars

Medication Error free essay sample

Providing care for the patient is the responsibility of nurses. Nurses are the one who are close with patients. They are responsible and accountable to make sure that the treatments and needs of patient are fulfilled. Medication administration is a part of the nurses’ responsibility in order to make sure clients get the correct medication as supposed. Medication administration error is a universal health care concern. Thus the strategy in improving medication administration system is important to enhance safety. The administration of medication by nurses is the final step in a process that involves multiple steps carried out by a number of health professionals (medical practitioners, pharmacists and registered nurses). The accuracy, efficiency and safety of administration of medications rest primarily with nurses. Administer medication is the most common activities that cause errors, in part because of the finding of new medical devices and new drug products that available to fulfill the demand in health care setting. We will write a custom essay sample on Medication Error or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus to prevent medication administration error, six rights should be main concern for the nurses in giving medication. There are many type of medical error that leads to injury and may jeopardize patient’s safety. According to Hughes and Ortiz (2005) the most common type of medical error that happen universally is medication error. Senior citizens are at the highest risk of being affected by this type of errors, since they are the largest consumers of medication (New Tech Media, 2006). However, this is especially true in regards to medication errors.

Site Selection for Intramuscular Medical Injection

Question: Discuss about the Site Selection for Intramuscular Medical Injection. Answer: Intramuscular injection locations Australasian Medical Journal, 315-321. In this journal, the author looks at the safety that nursing students must consider in the administration of intramuscular injections and particularly, gluteal IM injection sites. The author emphasizes that IM injection technique has changed through the years as a result of evidenced-based nursing practice research, including changes in the equipment used. According to the journal, IM injection site should be selected based on the age of the patient as this determines the needle size, adipose tissue amounts, and the viscosity of the medication. Site selection is important so that people of different ages are administered with the right amount of medication and treated with appropriate equipment. The authors emphasis that the deltoid muscle among infants is not well developed and thus not appropriate for IM injections is well founded. This is because the underdeveloped muscle in infants will not absorb the medication adequately. In regard to the volume of medication, the author also indicates that it is important to do the right IM injection site selection in order to have the right volume of medication administered intra-muscularly. It is important to note that the volume of medication for IM administration varies in line with the intended site. The accepted range of medication volume for IM injection is between 1 and 4 mL. Even so, the deltoid muscle injection site should not be above1 mL. For children, who definitely have less-developed muscles just like the elderly, IM injection at the deltoid muscles remain limited between 1 and 2mL. The leaking and tracking back of medication injected intramuscularly into the subcutaneous tissue, affects the volume of medication, and hence its efficacy in the required time. The Z-track technique is thus used in the administration to IM injections in order to prevent the tracking back effect of injected medicine by sealing this medicine in the muscles of a patient. It a lso reduces the irritation from the medicine as indicated in the journal. Intended intramuscular gluteal injections Are they truly intramuscularJournal of Postgraduate Medicine, 60(2), 175. Dayananda et al(2014) highlighted the evidence-based research on IM injections focussed on investigating whether gluteal injections are practically intramuscular. The authors then discuss gluteal IM injection in regard to sustained pain and injury, the tracking back effect and the suitability of the site for injection. In regard to injury and pain, the journal indicates that it is paramount to select IM injection site carefully in order to prevent unnecessary injuries and pain on patients among other general complications. According to the journal, the major complications associated with IM injections among others; muscle atrophy, bone injuries, cellulitis, and pain, abscesses that are sterile and nerve injury. The use of IM injection option has a higher risk where a nurse may inject the medication into the bloodstream directly. Further, other factors which hinder the flow of blood in a patient to the injected local tissue impacts on the drug absorption rate. It is thus agreeable tha t the author emphasizes on the use of IM injections only as a last resort, because of the different documented effects of pain and injury. Choosing IM at the deltoid muscle for instance brings about damage to both the radial nerves and arteries at the site. Even so, IM may be preferred as the muscle tissue is relatively less sensitive when compared to the subcutaneous tissue in regard to irritating solutions and/or medications that are concentrated and viscous in nature. Sites of choice for administering intramuscular injections to adult patients in the acute care setting. This journal focuses on the choices of Staff nurses in regard to injection sites when administering IM injections in acute hospital care setting rather than in the community. According to Walsh and Brophy (2010), selection of IM injection sites particularly for deep muscular injections may depend on ones familiarity and/or confidence but not on best practice. The journal provides the appropriate IM injection sites and these include; the ventrogluteal, the Vastus lateralis, and also the deltoid muscles. Even so, the authors agree with the available evidence that the ventrogluteal site for IM injection is the most appropriate site. This particular site is the most acceptable IM injection site especially for medications that are oily and irritating. This is because it is the ventrogluteal site has minimal number of both blood vessels and the nerves. It also comprises of the greatest muscle thickness when compared with the remaining IM injection sites. It is also thus important to know t he most appropriate IM injection site in order to determine the size of the needle. This is because a longer needle that has a larger gauge may be needed to adequately penetrate some deep muscle tissues. Walsh and Brophy (2010) also indicate the different needle sizes needed for IM injection to show the importance of correct site selection. Needle length at the Vastus lateralis should be 5/8" to 1." Needles intended for the deltoid need to be between 5/8" and 1 1/4" for children and between 5/8 and 1 1/2" for adults. The ventrogluteal site requires needles of length 1 1/2" for adults. The journal also indicates that it is important to correctly select an IM injection site especially when one has to choose between it and subcutaneous injection, based on the speed of medication absorption. According to the journal IM injections are intended to deposit medications directly into muscle fascia that comprises of a rich supply of blood and therefore allows for faster absorption of medications through the muscle fibers as compared to when the subcutaneous route is used. IM injection sites are used for those medications which require quick rates of absorption, including also a reasonable prolonged action. Because of the rich blood supply, IM injection sites are able to therefore absorb even larger volumes of medication solutions. As a result, a range of medical preparations including sedatives, hormones, anti-emetics, vaccines, analgesics, among others can be comfortably administered through IM sites both in the communities and in acute care settings. References Cornwall, J. (2011). Are nursing student safe when choosing gluteal intramuscular injection locations?. Australasian Medical Journal, 315-321. Dayananda, L., Belaval, V., Raina, A., Chandana, R. (2014). Intended intramuscular gluteal injections: Are they truly intramuscular?. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 60(2), 175. Walsh, L. Brophy, K. (2010). Staff nurses sites of choice for administering intramuscular injections to adult patients in the acute care setting. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(5), 1034-1040.